Smythe JW, Costall B. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Othman et al. 2008;29:52738. Wang et al. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. 1999;9:3438. Yale J Biol Med. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare Am J Epidemiol. J Environ Health. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - PubMed Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. 2012;112:1715. Google Scholar. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. 2006;12:44651. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. BMJ. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Qutob et al. 2008;22:9927. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. 2011;107:35661. Part of Wang Q, Cao Z. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . 2013;5:5500110. 1994;15:95104. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Bioelectromagnetics. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. CAS The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. Eastern J Med. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2014;12:75. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. 2011;174:211. Springer Nature. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. radiation with wavelengths. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Do Microwaves Affect Your Health? The Impact of Microwave Radiation - WebMD In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. 2005;360:6577. 2017;52:23947. World J Biol Chem. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Mack et al. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Privacy 1992;114:16202. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Nature. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;80:177. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Synapse. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. 1992;49:1818. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Sci STKE. 1984;11:4760. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Cookies policy. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Health Effects | Occupational Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net CAS 2005;161:3314. 2005;1042:1018. 2012;31:6774. Brain Res Rev. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. 2004;2004:19. 2006;98:170713. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Mortazavi et al. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. 2010;28:445. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. These conclusions are presented in Table2. 2002;13:11921. Correspondence to Phot J. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. 1984;4:285665. Bioelectromagnetics. 1994;8:714. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. However, Li et al. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU Cosquer et al. PLoS One. 2013;73:4737. Fragopoulou et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2012;3:3440. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Google Scholar. 2013;89:11007. PLoS One. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Zhang et al. Bioelectromagnetics. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in The Dangers of Microwaves and Their Effects on Food - Natural Society 2010;3:4650. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Terms and Conditions, 2001;93:2037. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Wang et al. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. 2009;27:556572. Suhhova et al. Google Scholar. 2006;165:63644. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Neuroscience. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2013;23:306. 2000;284:30017. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Iran J Public Health. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. 2014;53:22230. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2014;8:63. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. PDF Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health - IntechOpen Neurosci Lett. 1988;9:33745. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Article N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. 2011;343:5224. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. 1975;148:1723. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Gold PE. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Pathophysiology. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Behav Brain Res. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . millimeter, or equivalently. However,. 2004;115:1490505. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 2014;9:e95503. Finally, Hardell et al. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Annu Rev Physiol. Wang et al. (PDF) Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health. PubMed Xiong et al. 2 Researchers have been working. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. 2009;64:2314. Bioelectromagnetics. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Abe M, Bonini NM. 2015;140:23646. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Behav Brain Res. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Xu et al. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Google Scholar. 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